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The Fine Line Between Genuine Altruism and Altruistic Narcissistic Manipulation

Unraveling The Complex Web Of Altruism And Narcissistic Manipulation

Understanding Eating Disorders: Types, Signs, And Treatment by Som Dutt From https://embraceinnerchaos.com

Last updated on December 18th, 2024 at 04:01 am

In a world where kindness and compassion are often celebrated, it’s easy to assume that all acts of altruism are genuine and selfless. However, the reality is far more complex. Recent studies have shown that up to 30% of seemingly altruistic behaviors may be driven by hidden narcissistic motives. This startling statistic raises important questions about the nature of human generosity and the fine line between genuine altruism and altruistic narcissistic manipulation.

As we delve deeper into this topic, we’ll explore the subtle yet significant differences between true altruism and its manipulative counterpart. We’ll examine the psychological underpinnings of altruistic narcissism, its impact on relationships and society, and how to recognize and protect ourselves from those who use good deeds as a tool for self-aggrandizement.

The concept of altruistic narcissism may seem paradoxical at first glance. After all, how can someone be both selfless and self-centered? But as we’ll discover, the human psyche is capable of remarkable complexity, often blending seemingly contradictory traits in ways that challenge our understanding of personality and motivation. Join us on this journey as we unravel the intricacies of altruistic narcissism and learn to navigate the murky waters of human intention.

1. Understanding Altruism: The Selfless Act of Giving

Altruism, in its purest form, is the selfless concern for the well-being of others. It’s a fundamental aspect of human nature that has played a crucial role in our species’ survival and social development. But what drives this seemingly selfless behavior?

1.1 The Evolutionary Roots of Altruism

From an evolutionary perspective, altruism may seem counterintuitive. Why would an organism sacrifice its own resources or well-being for another? The answer lies in the concept of inclusive fitness, proposed by biologist W.D. Hamilton in the 1960s.

Inclusive fitness suggests that organisms can increase their genetic representation in future generations not only by reproducing themselves but also by supporting the reproduction of close relatives. This theory helps explain why we often see acts of altruism within family groups or close-knit communities.

1.2 The Psychological Benefits of Altruism

Beyond evolutionary explanations, research has shown that acts of kindness and generosity can have significant psychological benefits for the giver. Studies have found that engaging in altruistic behaviors can:

– Reduce stress and anxiety
– Boost mood and overall well-being
– Increase feelings of social connection and belonging
– Enhance self-esteem and sense of purpose

These benefits suggest that altruism may not be entirely selfless after all, as the giver often gains something in return, even if it’s not material.

1.3 Cultural and Social Influences on Altruism

Our propensity for altruism is also shaped by cultural and social factors. Many religions and moral philosophies emphasize the importance of helping others and putting their needs before our own. These cultural values can significantly influence individual behavior and societal norms.

Moreover, social norms and expectations play a role in promoting altruistic behavior. We often feel pressure to be seen as kind and generous, which can motivate us to engage in acts of altruism, even when we might not feel intrinsically motivated to do so.

1.4 The Spectrum of Altruistic Behavior

It’s important to note that altruism exists on a spectrum. At one end, we have purely selfless acts where the giver expects nothing in return and may even incur significant personal cost. At the other end, we find behaviors that appear altruistic on the surface but are primarily motivated by self-interest or external rewards.

Understanding this spectrum is crucial as we begin to explore the concept of altruistic narcissism and how it blurs the line between genuine altruism and self-serving behavior.

2. The Dark Side of Giving: Introducing Altruistic Narcissism

While altruism is generally viewed as a positive trait, it can sometimes mask darker motivations. Enter altruistic narcissism, a complex psychological phenomenon where acts of generosity are driven primarily by self-interest and the desire for admiration.

2.1 Defining Altruistic Narcissism

Altruistic narcissism refers to a pattern of behavior where individuals engage in seemingly selfless acts primarily to boost their own ego, gain attention, or manipulate others’ perceptions of them. These individuals may appear incredibly kind and generous on the surface, but their motivations are fundamentally self-serving.

It’s important to note that altruistic narcissism is not the same as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). While individuals with NPD may exhibit altruistic narcissistic behaviors, not all altruistic narcissists meet the clinical criteria for NPD.

2.2 The Psychology Behind Altruistic Narcissism

At its core, altruistic narcissism is driven by a deep-seated need for admiration and validation. These individuals often have a fragile self-esteem that they attempt to bolster through grand displays of generosity and kindness.

Some key psychological factors that contribute to altruistic narcissism include:

– An excessive need for external validation
– A grandiose sense of self-importance
– A lack of genuine empathy
– A tendency to view relationships in terms of personal gain

These factors combine to create a personality type that is outwardly focused on helping others, but inwardly consumed with self-interest.

2.3 The Difference Between Genuine Altruism and Altruistic Narcissism

Distinguishing between genuine altruism and altruistic narcissism can be challenging, as both may result in seemingly kind and generous actions. However, there are some key differences:

1. Motivation: Genuine altruists are primarily motivated by concern for others, while altruistic narcissists are driven by self-interest.

2. Empathy: True altruists have genuine empathy for others, while altruistic narcissists may lack true empathy despite their outward displays of concern.

3. Recognition: Genuine altruists don’t seek recognition for their good deeds, while altruistic narcissists crave attention and praise.

4. Consistency: True altruism tends to be consistent across various situations, while altruistic narcissism may be more selective or performative.

2.4 The Impact of Altruistic Narcissism on Relationships

Altruistic narcissism can have significant impacts on personal relationships. While these individuals may initially appear incredibly kind and generous, their true nature often becomes apparent over time.

Relationships with altruistic narcissists can be characterized by:

– Emotional manipulation
– Conditional love and support
– Feelings of indebtedness or obligation
– Resentment when their “generosity” isn’t sufficiently appreciated

Understanding these dynamics is crucial for maintaining healthy relationships and protecting oneself from manipulation. For more insights on how narcissism affects relationships, check out this article on the impact of narcissism on individuals and society.

3. Recognizing Altruistic Narcissistic Manipulation

Identifying altruistic narcissistic manipulation can be challenging, especially when it’s disguised as genuine kindness. However, there are several telltale signs that can help you spot this behavior.

The Fine Line Between Genuine Altruism and Altruistic Narcissistic Manipulation
-By Som Dutt from https://embraceinnerchaos.com
The Fine Line Between Genuine Altruism and Altruistic Narcissistic Manipulation
-By Som Dutt from https://embraceinnerchaos.com

3.1 The Hallmarks of Altruistic Narcissistic Behavior

1. Excessive self-promotion: Altruistic narcissists often go out of their way to publicize their good deeds.

2. Selective generosity: Their kindness may be reserved for situations where they can gain maximum visibility or benefit.

3. Strings attached: Their acts of kindness often come with expectations of reciprocation or gratitude.

4. Lack of empathy: Despite outward displays of concern, they may show little genuine understanding of others’ feelings.

5. Grandiosity: They tend to exaggerate the impact or importance of their altruistic acts.

3.2 Common Manipulation Tactics Used by Altruistic Narcissists

Altruistic narcissists employ various tactics to manipulate others and maintain their image. Some common strategies include:

– Love bombing: Overwhelming someone with attention and affection to create a sense of obligation.
– Guilt-tripping: Using their “generosity” to make others feel indebted or guilty.
– Gaslighting: Denying or minimizing their manipulative behavior when confronted.
– Virtue signaling: Publicly aligning themselves with popular causes or values for personal gain.

For a deeper understanding of narcissistic manipulation tactics, read about DARVO tactics used by narcissists.

3.3 The Role of Social Media in Amplifying Altruistic Narcissism

Social media platforms have provided altruistic narcissists with unprecedented opportunities to showcase their “good deeds” and receive instant validation. The constant stream of likes, comments, and shares can fuel their need for admiration and reinforce their behavior.

This phenomenon has contributed to the rise of narcissism in modern society, as individuals increasingly seek external validation through curated online personas.

3.4 Case Studies: Real-Life Examples of Altruistic Narcissistic Manipulation

To better understand how altruistic narcissism manifests in real life, let’s examine a few case studies:

1. The Charitable CEO: A high-profile executive who makes large public donations but mistreats employees and exploits workers in developing countries.

2. The Social Media Influencer: An influencer who frequently posts about their volunteer work but only does so when cameras are present and refuses to help when not being recorded.

3. The “Selfless” Friend: A friend who constantly offers help and favors, but becomes resentful and manipulative when their assistance isn’t met with excessive gratitude.

These examples illustrate how altruistic narcissism can manifest in various contexts, from personal relationships to public figures.

4. The Societal Impact of Altruistic Narcissism

While altruistic narcissism primarily affects individual relationships, its impact extends to broader societal structures and dynamics. Understanding these wider implications is crucial for addressing the issue effectively.

4.1 The Influence of Altruistic Narcissism in Leadership and Politics

Altruistic narcissism can be particularly problematic in leadership positions, where individuals have the power to influence large groups of people. Political leaders who exhibit altruistic narcissistic traits may:

– Implement policies that appear benevolent but primarily serve their own interests
– Use charitable causes as a smokescreen for unethical behavior
– Manipulate public opinion through grand gestures of generosity

For more on this topic, explore the impact of narcissistic leadership on governance and how ego drives policy in politics.

4.2 The Effect on Charitable Organizations and Philanthropy

Altruistic narcissism can have significant implications for the charitable sector:

– Misdirection of resources towards high-profile, but less effective initiatives
– Erosion of public trust in charitable organizations
– Overshadowing of genuine altruistic efforts

These effects can ultimately harm those who are most in need of assistance and support.

The Fine Line Between Genuine Altruism and Altruistic Narcissistic Manipulation
-By Som Dutt from https://embraceinnerchaos.com
The Fine Line Between Genuine Altruism and Altruistic Narcissistic Manipulation
-By Som Dutt from https://embraceinnerchaos.com

4.3 The Role of Altruistic Narcissism in Corporate Social Responsibility

In the business world, altruistic narcissism can manifest through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives that are more focused on improving company image than creating genuine positive impact. This can lead to:

– Greenwashing and other forms of deceptive marketing
– Superficial CSR programs that fail to address root issues
– Diversion of resources from more effective social and environmental initiatives

4.4 The Long-Term Consequences of Normalized Altruistic Narcissism

As altruistic narcissism becomes more prevalent and normalized in society, we may see several long-term consequences:

– Increased cynicism towards acts of kindness and charity
– Erosion of social trust and cohesion
– Difficulty in recognizing and appreciating genuine altruism
– Potential decrease in overall charitable giving and volunteerism

These outcomes highlight the importance of addressing altruistic narcissism and promoting genuine altruism in our communities.

5. Cultivating Genuine Altruism in a Self-Centered World

In the face of rising altruistic narcissism, it’s crucial to foster and encourage genuine altruism. This not only benefits society as a whole but also contributes to personal well-being and fulfillment.

5.1 The Importance of Self-Awareness and Introspection

Developing genuine altruism starts with self-awareness. By examining our own motivations for helping others, we can:

– Identify and address any narcissistic tendencies
– Cultivate a more authentic desire to help others
– Develop a deeper understanding of empathy and compassion

Regular self-reflection and introspection can help us stay true to our altruistic intentions and avoid falling into patterns of self-serving behavior.

5.2 Strategies for Developing Genuine Empathy and Compassion

Empathy and compassion are at the heart of genuine altruism. Here are some strategies to develop these qualities:

1. Practice active listening: Focus on truly understanding others’ perspectives and experiences.

2. Engage in perspective-taking exercises: Imagine yourself in someone else’s situation to better understand their feelings and needs.

3. Volunteer regularly: Engage in consistent acts of service to cultivate a habit of helping others.

4. Read diverse literature: Expose yourself to different life experiences through books and stories.

5. Practice mindfulness: Cultivate present-moment awareness to become more attuned to others’ emotions and needs.




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Frequently Asked Questions

How Do Altruistic Narcissists Differ From Genuine Altruists?

Altruistic narcissists and genuine altruists may appear similar on the surface, but their underlying motivations and behaviors differ significantly. Genuine altruists are driven by empathy and a sincere desire to help others, often engaging in acts of kindness without expectation of reward or recognition. Their focus is on the well-being of others and the positive impact they can make on their community.

In contrast, altruistic narcissists, while outwardly appearing selfless, are primarily motivated by personal gain and the desire for admiration. According to Psychology Today, these individuals use altruistic behaviors as a means to enhance their self-image and gain social status. Their acts of kindness are often calculated and come with strings attached, expecting praise, gratitude, or other forms of narcissistic supply in return.

The key difference lies in the authenticity of their empathy and the sustainability of their altruistic behaviors. While genuine altruists maintain their caring behavior consistently, altruistic narcissists may struggle to maintain their facade over time, especially when they don’t receive the recognition they crave. This distinction can have significant implications for the long-term impact on communities and the quality of social interactions within them.

What Are The Signs Of Altruistic Narcissism In Community Leaders?

Identifying altruistic narcissism in community leaders requires careful observation of their behaviors and motivations. One primary sign is an excessive focus on self-promotion and recognition for their charitable acts. According to Verywell Mind, these leaders often engage in “virtue signaling,” publicly showcasing their good deeds to gain admiration rather than out of genuine concern for the cause.

Another indicator is the leader’s reaction to criticism or lack of recognition. Altruistic narcissists may become defensive, angry, or withdraw support when their efforts aren’t sufficiently praised. They might also exhibit a sense of entitlement, expecting special treatment or exemption from rules due to their perceived selflessness.

Lastly, these leaders may display a pattern of undermining or discrediting others’ contributions to maintain their position as the primary “savior” of the community. They might subtly sabotage initiatives not led by them or downplay the achievements of others. This behavior stems from their need to be seen as uniquely indispensable to the community’s well-being, a key trait of narcissistic personality disorder in a communal context.

How Does Altruistic Narcissism Affect The Dynamics Of Volunteer Organizations?

Altruistic narcissism can significantly impact the dynamics of volunteer organizations, often in subtle but profound ways. These individuals may initially bring energy and resources to an organization, attracting attention and potentially increasing donations or volunteer participation. However, their presence can lead to a toxic environment over time.

One major effect is the creation of a competitive atmosphere among volunteers. As Frontiers in Psychology notes, altruistic narcissists often engage in what’s termed as “competitive altruism,” where they strive to be seen as the most generous or committed member. This can lead to burnout among other volunteers who feel pressured to match this level of involvement or feel that their contributions are constantly overshadowed.

Additionally, the focus of the organization may shift from its mission to catering to the ego of the altruistic narcissist. Decision-making processes can become skewed, with more emphasis placed on projects that offer high visibility or personal recognition rather than those that might have a more significant but less public impact. This misalignment of priorities can ultimately undermine the effectiveness and integrity of the volunteer organization.

What Long-Term Effects Can Altruistic Narcissists Have On Community Development?

The long-term effects of altruistic narcissists on community development can be complex and far-reaching. While their initial involvement may bring attention and resources to community projects, the sustainability and depth of these contributions are often questionable. According to Research Gate, the presence of altruistic narcissists can lead to a superficial approach to community development, focusing on quick, visible wins rather than addressing underlying systemic issues.

One significant long-term effect is the potential erosion of trust within the community. As community members begin to recognize the self-serving nature of the altruistic narcissist’s actions, it can lead to cynicism about charitable efforts in general. This skepticism can make it more difficult for genuine altruists to gain support and engagement from the community in the future.

Moreover, the influence of altruistic narcissists can shape the community’s values and priorities in problematic ways. Their emphasis on public recognition and personal gain as motivators for community involvement can create a culture where altruism is seen as transactional rather than a genuine expression of care and concern for others. This shift can have lasting impacts on how future generations approach community service and civic engagement.

How Can Communities Protect Themselves From The Negative Impacts Of Altruistic Narcissists?

Communities can implement several strategies to protect themselves from the negative impacts of altruistic narcissists. One key approach is to establish clear, transparent systems for decision-making and recognition within community organizations. As suggested by The Narcissistic Life, this can include rotating leadership positions, implementing term limits for board members, and creating objective criteria for evaluating and acknowledging contributions.

Education and awareness are also crucial. Communities can organize workshops or seminars on healthy leadership and the signs of narcissistic behavior in community contexts. This can help members identify problematic patterns early and respond appropriately. It’s important to foster a culture where questioning motives and critically examining outcomes is encouraged, rather than blindly praising all seemingly altruistic actions.

Another effective strategy is to prioritize collective achievement over individual recognition. By focusing on team efforts and community-wide successes, the allure for altruistic narcissists may be reduced. Additionally, implementing anonymous donation options and emphasizing the impact of contributions rather than the contributors themselves can help create an environment less appealing to those seeking personal glory through altruistic acts.

What Role Does Social Media Play In Amplifying The Impact Of Altruistic Narcissists?

Social media plays a significant role in amplifying the impact of altruistic narcissists by providing a platform for widespread self-promotion and validation seeking. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter offer unprecedented opportunities for individuals to showcase their charitable acts to a large audience, potentially garnering likes, shares, and comments that serve as narcissistic supply.

According to Psychology Today, social media allows altruistic narcissists to carefully curate their public image, highlighting their good deeds while obscuring less flattering aspects of their behavior. This can create a distorted perception of their overall impact on the community, potentially attracting more supporters and resources to their causes.

The viral nature of social media content can also exacerbate the competitive aspect of altruistic narcissism. As acts of kindness or charity gain traction online, it can spark a form of “performative altruism” where the focus shifts from the impact of the act to the public reaction it generates. This dynamic can pressure others to engage in similar behaviors, not out of genuine concern, but to maintain social status or avoid being perceived as less caring.

How Does Altruistic Narcissism Manifest In Different Cultural Contexts?

Altruistic narcissism can manifest differently across various cultural contexts, reflecting the diverse values, norms, and social structures of different societies. In more individualistic cultures, such as those found in many Western countries, altruistic narcissism might take the form of highly publicized personal philanthropy or volunteer work, with an emphasis on individual recognition and achievement.

Conversely, in collectivist cultures, altruistic narcissism may manifest more subtly. As noted by Frontiers in Psychology, in these contexts, the narcissist might position themselves as the embodiment of community values or the ultimate protector of cultural traditions. Their altruistic acts might be framed as sacrifices for the greater good of the group, leveraging cultural norms of respect for authority or community harmony to shield themselves from criticism.

Religious or spiritual contexts can also shape the expression of altruistic narcissism. In some cases, individuals might use religious language or concepts to justify their actions and elevate their status, positioning themselves as uniquely blessed or divinely inspired in their charitable work. This can be particularly impactful in communities where religious authority holds significant sway over social dynamics and individual behavior.

What Are The Psychological Motivations Behind Altruistic Narcissism?

The psychological motivations behind altruistic narcissism are complex and multifaceted, rooted in the core characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder. At the heart of this behavior is a deep-seated need for admiration and validation, combined with a grandiose self-image that requires constant reinforcement. Altruistic acts serve as a means to fulfill these needs while maintaining a positive public persona.

According to Research Gate, one key motivation is the desire to be seen as uniquely good or morally superior. By engaging in conspicuous acts of charity or community service, altruistic narcissists can position themselves as exemplars of virtue, feeding their sense of specialness and entitlement. This behavior also serves as a defense mechanism against underlying feelings of inadequacy or shame.

Another significant motivator is the pursuit of power and influence within social structures. Altruistic behavior can be a socially acceptable way to gain control over others, as people are often more willing to follow or defer to those perceived as selfless and caring. This aligns with the narcissistic trait of interpersonal exploitation, where relationships and social interactions are viewed primarily as means to personal gain or advancement.

How Can Individuals Distinguish Between Genuine Altruism And Narcissistic Self-Promotion?

Distinguishing between genuine altruism and narcissistic self-promotion requires careful observation of both actions and motivations. One key indicator is consistency in behavior. Genuine altruists tend to maintain their caring behavior consistently, even when there’s no public recognition involved. In contrast, as noted by Verywell Mind, altruistic narcissists may only engage in charitable acts when there’s an audience or potential for recognition.

Another important factor is the focus of the individual’s efforts. Genuine altruists are primarily concerned with the impact of their actions on others and the community. They’re more likely to work behind the scenes and support initiatives led by others if they believe it will be more effective. Narcissistic self-promoters, on the other hand, tend to prioritize their own visibility and control over projects, often insisting on being the face of initiatives regardless of their expertise.

The reaction to setbacks or lack of recognition can also be telling. Genuine altruists remain committed to their cause even when faced with challenges or when their efforts go unnoticed. They’re motivated by the intrinsic value of helping others. Conversely, altruistic narcissists may become frustrated, angry, or withdraw support when they don’t receive the admiration they expect, revealing that their primary motivation was personal gain rather than community benefit.

What Strategies Can Be Used To Mitigate The Influence Of Altruistic Narcissists In Nonprofit Organizations?

Mitigating the influence of altruistic narcissists in nonprofit organizations requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses both organizational structure and culture. One effective strategy is to implement robust governance policies that distribute power and decision-making authority across multiple individuals or committees. This can help prevent any single person from dominating the organization’s direction or taking undue credit for its achievements.

According to The Narcissistic Life, another crucial strategy is to establish clear, objective criteria for evaluating contributions and performance within the organization. This can include setting specific, measurable goals for projects and initiatives, and using data-driven assessments rather than relying solely on subjective impressions or public perception. Such measures can help counteract the tendency of altruistic narcissists to exaggerate their impact or manipulate others’ perceptions of their work.

Fostering a culture of collaboration and shared credit is also vital. Nonprofit organizations can emphasize team achievements over individual accolades, and create systems that recognize the contributions of all team members, not just those in visible leadership positions. Additionally, providing training on healthy leadership styles and emotional intelligence can help staff and volunteers identify and address narcissistic behaviors before they become entrenched in the organization’s culture.

How Does Altruistic Narcissism Affect The Mental Health Of Community Members?

Altruistic narcissism can have significant negative effects on the mental health of community members, particularly those who interact closely with the narcissist. One primary impact is the erosion of self-esteem and confidence in others. As altruistic narcissists consistently seek to position themselves as uniquely caring or capable, they may subtly or overtly devalue the contributions of others, leading to feelings of inadequacy or worthlessness in community members.

According to Psychology Today, the manipulative nature of altruistic narcissism can also lead to confusion and cognitive dissonance in community members. The disconnect between the narcissist’s outwardly caring behavior and their self-serving motivations can be deeply unsettling, potentially leading to trust issues and heightened anxiety in social interactions.

Moreover, the pressure to constantly praise or validate the altruistic narcissist can be emotionally exhausting for community members. This constant demand for admiration and gratitude can create a stressful environment where individuals feel unable to express genuine emotions or dissenting opinions. Over time, this suppression of authentic self-expression can contribute to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and burnout among community members.

What Are The Economic Implications Of Altruistic Narcissism In Community Development Projects?

The economic implications of altruistic narcissism in community development projects can be significant and far-reaching. One major concern is the potential misallocation of resources. Altruistic narcissists may prioritize projects that offer high visibility or personal recognition over those that address the most pressing community needs. This can lead to inefficient use of limited funds and missed opportunities to create meaningful, long-term economic impact.

According to Research Gate, another economic implication is the potential for short-term thinking in project planning and execution. Altruistic narcissists may favor quick, visible wins over more complex, long-term initiatives that could provide sustainable economic benefits to the community. This focus on immediate gratification can hinder the development of robust, resilient local economies.

Furthermore, the presence of altruistic narcissists in leadership positions can affect donor behavior and funding patterns. While their charisma and self-promotion may initially attract donations, the sustainability of this funding can be questionable. As donors become aware of the narcissistic motivations behind the altruism, they may lose trust and withdraw financial support, potentially leaving projects underfunded or incomplete.

How Does Altruistic Narcissism Influence Political Engagement And Civic Participation?

Altruistic narcissism can have a profound influence on political engagement and civic participation, often in ways that distort the democratic process. One significant impact is the potential for these individuals to manipulate public opinion through performative acts of charity or community service. By positioning themselves as selfless community leaders, they can garner political support that may not be based on substantive policy positions or genuine civic engagement.

According to Frontiers in Psychology, altruistic narcissists in political roles may prioritize initiatives that offer personal glory over those that address critical but less visible community needs. This can lead to a misalignment between political actions and the actual requirements of the community, potentially undermining the effectiveness of local governance.

Moreover, the presence of altruistic narcissists in civic leadership can discourage broader community participation. Their tendency to dominate discussions and take credit for collective achievements can alienate other potential leaders and volunteers. This can result in a narrowing of perspectives in community decision-making processes and a decrease in overall civic engagement as community members become disillusioned with participatory processes.

About the Author :

Som Dutt, Top writer in Philosophy & Psychology on Medium.com. I make people Think, Relate, Feel & Move. Let's Embrace Inner Chaos and Appreciate Deep, Novel & Heavy Thoughts.

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